Don't Rain on Streisand's Parade! [Part 2]

     Don't Rain on Streisand's Parade!

Link to part 1: http://eastyblog.blogspot.com/2019/11/dont-rain-on-streisands-parade-part-1.html

(Photo from https://www.pinterest.com/pin/143833781818629027/)

         At the beginning of her music career in the early 1960s, Streisand took a shoot in the singing audition for the Broadway play The Sound of Music. Having the first rejection couldn’t stop her desire was still burning passionately. According to Lamb (2019), thanks to the comedian Phyllis Diller, Streisand officially became a paid singer working at Bon Soir nightclub, where her talents and sense of humor combined and created lively performances (par. 6). That was similar to what happened to the main character in the movie Funny Girl (1968). 

         Streisand has great ambitions. After top-charted albums with Grammys and an Oscar award, she started writing songs and brought home an Academy Award with the original single “Evergreen” (1976), which appeared in the top money-making film A Star Is Born (1976) co-starring her (Lamb, 2019, par. 13). After all of these successes, Streisand didn’t settle down to only acting and music.

        In the 1980s, Streisand involved in the film industry and became the first female producer and director. Her first project, Yentl (1983), received rejections from many Hollywood studio at first when they found out that the director and the main actress of the film would be Streisand. However, the rejections couldn’t stop her. Shortly after Yentl (1983) was released, Streisand received the Golden Globe Award for Best Director and became the first certified female director (Lamb, 2019, par. 15). This reminds me of her song in the 1960s, which implies the unstoppable, inner strength of femininity.  

        “Don’t Rain On My Parade” (1964), which appeared in the film Funny Girl (1968), was about a Rebel who controlled her own life. Nobody could tell her how to live or rain on her parade (see Appendix B). She just simply wanted to spend her life doing what she enjoyed. It’s hard to deny the popularity of “Don’t Rain On My Parade” (1964) in its time when the women's liberation movement had successfully impacted the society’s thinking about women’s freedom. 

         The song began with a direct, powerful message: “don’t tell me not to live”. After singing the word “don’t”, Streisand paused a bit. This pause didn’t portray hesitation. Instead, it showed her persistence and even her stubborn when she ignored others’ advice. With the wonderful chest voice and resonance, Streisand had made the song a powerful declaration, an anthem for the feminine world.     
   
        However, what makes Streisand an icon of feminism are her philanthropy and her support for women, minorities, and LGBTQ community. She never misses a chance to speak up for them. Since 1986, through the Streisand Foundation, she has successfully raised fund for feminine and humane organizations like Barbra Streisand Women’s Heart Center,  Planned Parenthood Federation of America, Feminist Majority Foundation, the Rape Foundation, and Brennan Center for Justice. She is also a supporter for political, environmental, and educational institutions like Center for Economic Policy Research, the Nation Institute, Environmental Media Association, Climate Reality, the UCLA Foundation, the Cambodian Children’s Fund, etc (Influence Watch, n.d., par. 4). With her contributions, in 2004, Streisand received the Humanitarian Award from Human Rights Campaign.

        Always standing up for justice, Barbra Streisand shows her insecure feelings toward the U.S. government with her original song “Don’t Lie To Me” (2018) in the album Walls. The song reflects unequal judgements and protection from the politicians. It carries the message that everyone deserves the truth and equal rights. The highlight of the song is the powerful question “how do you sleep when the world is turning?” (see Appendix C). In this song, Streisand has portrayed a Rebel who is asking for liberation.     

(Photo from https://www.pinterest.com/pin/464855992784126572/) 

   
        Barbra Streisand is an influential figure who inspires people, especially women, to fight for their rights and start giving back to the community. In many cases, she seems to be a Rebel that ignores the rules or social standards for a woman. However, she is a Wonder Woman to the majority with the openness in her thinking and speaking. 

Eurus Thach.

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References:

Greenwald, M. (n. d.). “Don’t Rain On My Parade” [Review of the song “Don’t Rain On My Parade”]. Allmusic. Retrieved from https://www.allmusic.com/song/dont-rain-on-my-parade-mt0028617657.

Iskowitz, M. (1998). Streisand and Brolin on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Barbra Streisand Archives. Retrieved from http://barbra-archives.com/bjs_library/90s/brolin_star_walkoffame.html.

Lamb, B. (2019). Barbra Streisand Biography: Her Life and Career [Blog Post]. Retrieved from https://www.liveabout.com/barbra-streisand-biography-4586388.

Sony Music Entertainment. (n. d.). Biography [Blog post]. Retrieved from https://barbrastreisand.com/biography/.

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. (2019). Barbra Streisand: American Actress, Singer, Director, Producer. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/biography/Barbra-Streisand.

Wikipedia. (n. d.). Barbra Streisand discography. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbra_Streisand_discography.

Don't Rain on Streisand's Parade! [Part 1]

Don't Rain on Streisand's Parade!

(Photo from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbra_Streisand)

     In front of the landmark Chinese Theater, on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, a shiny pink star has always been reflecting a glorious history of the powerful Barbra Streisand (par. 1, Iskowitz, 1988). In April of 1942, a rose blossoms under the sunbeam of the Spring Goddess. Like a rose with a passionate smell and sharp thorns, Streisand impacts the male industries and areas like films and political attitudes with her powerful and respectful femininity. Hence, during the 1960s and 1970s, our rose, Barbara Joan Streisand had refined the female stardom with multiple talents and ethnic outspokenness (par. 1, Britannica, 2019). Streisand symbolizes the urban Wonder Woman of her time with the strong independence, admirable career achievements, and powerful impact on liberal politics.

     Starting with the first winning in a Manhattan small local nightclub’s amateur talent contest, Streisand devoted more to music. Her singing engagements in Greenwich Village cabarets had brought her the ticket to the musical industry. She took the chance to be Miss Marmelstein in the Broadway musical I Can Get It for You Wholesale (1962). Although it was a small comic role, Streisand had stolen the stage light. Receiving attention from the public, her image was spreading on television. Thanks to the generous host, Streisand received more audience's approval in the Judy Garland Show. With this trigger, she released a series of The Barbra Streisand Albums (1963 -1964) and People (1964). The Barbra Streisand Album, her first album, has brought her many honorable awards. Two of them are from the Grammy academy for The Best Album of The Year and The Best Female Vocal Performance (par. 2, Britannica, 2019). Also, her fourth album  People (1964) reached the top 1 in the US peak chart positions (Wikipedia, n.d.). However, the success couldn't limit her talents with only the music industry.

     Barbra Streisand had made a breakthrough in the musical Funny Girl (1964), which was turned into a movie in 1968. She received an Oscar for The Best Actress. Streisand was in the role of Fanny Brice (1891 -1951), a young woman from a slumdog neighborhood with great ambitions of being a musical star. From the beginning, Brice stood out from other colleagues with her clumsiness and loose outfits. Although her appearance wasn't special, she had high self-confidence with her talents.
The film reflected the heavy expectation of the Compliant stereotype of women before the 1960s. It was when a female’s appearance decided her whole life. "When people pay good money in the theatre, especially the male elements, they want something extra to look at… If a girl isn't pretty, like a Miss Atlantic City. All she gets in life is pity and a pat",  Brice's aunt made her statement. However, since her first success, she was unstoppable.

     By gratefully appearing as a pregnant lady in a wedding dress and performing "His Love Makes Me Beautiful" (1964), Streisand had created a great impression in the musical industry. Both Brice and Streisand had made an iconic phenomenon since. Nowadays, this highlight scene still gains the audience's amazement and laughter in every Funny Girl musical plays.

     "His Love Makes Me Beautiful" (1964) is a musical song about a woman who gains self-confidence via her lover. A Compliant, "strictly a female female" ("I Enjoy Being a Girl", 1958), who needed a man to feel pretty. After the line "Ziegfeld presents her with justifiable pride" (Appendix A), the audience expected to see a grateful bride with gentle walking and gestures. Fanny Brice (played by Streisand) had turned everything upside down. She stepped out, in the audience's amazement with a huge belly. The audience busted out laughing. With this joke, the film had claimed that a woman was beautiful despite how her appearance changed. "Thank you for putting such a beautiful dress on a pregnant woman", a female audience told Ziegfield. "His Love Makes Me Beautiful" (1964) was portraying an appreciated Compliant.

(Photo from https://www.pinterest.com/pin/434456695275422272/)

     Barbra Streisand, with her great acting, raised her voice whenever she sang the word "beautiful" or the phrase "of my love's affection". At the same time, she looked down her belly with an overwhelming face. She questioned in silly tone "I'm beautiful? Oy" and the expression "Oy" completely stole the show. Streisand's voice was natural. Her funny facial expressions were so real as if she was being herself instead of Brice.   

Eurus Thach

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References:

Greenwald, M. (n. d.). “Don’t Rain On My Parade” [Review of the song “Don’t Rain On My Parade”]. Allmusic. Retrieved from https://www.allmusic.com/song/dont-rain-on-my-parade-mt0028617657.

Iskowitz, M. (1998). Streisand and Brolin on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Barbra Streisand Archives. Retrieved from http://barbra-archives.com/bjs_library/90s/brolin_star_walkoffame.html. 

Lamb, B. (2019). Barbra Streisand Biography: Her Life and Career [Blog Post]. Retrieved from https://www.liveabout.com/barbra-streisand-biography-4586388. 

Sony Music Entertainment. (n. d.). Biography [Blog post]. Retrieved from https://barbrastreisand.com/biography/.

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. (2019). Barbra Streisand: American Actress, Singer, Director, Producer. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/biography/Barbra-Streisand.

Wikipedia. (n. d.). Barbra Streisand discography. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbra_Streisand_discography. 

When Seeking For Others’ Lack Become Such A Fascinating Hobby Of The Human Race

From early ages, we have learned that there are always consequences comes after what we do. The stories like The Three Little Pigs play an important role in the recognition of the unwanting results of misbehaving in our childhood. We don’t want to be the misbehaving characters,  we don’t want to face the punishment, so we work on our incomplete traits. We learn to have voices inside our heads what we do bad things. Our mind then connects to the scenes of consequences and quickly awakes the consciences in us. In other words, we may deduce that bad models are imperative for the development of our characteristics and morality. 

Since we start analyzing the characters in the stories we know, we start judging. Being an essential part of our thinking system, judgment allows us to look at the mistakes, analyze and rate the quality of other individuals. We acknowledge most of the murderers are cold or most of the philanthropists are angles of God. Since then, we believe good models have more the living way to learn.

As the judging sense gets stronger, there are times that we got carried away. It’s when there is no more accommodation for the schemas and perceptions in our thinking systems. In plenty of cases, we might lock our mind in the box of the archetypes we build up for others. For example, some still believe Asians are good at Mathematics and LGBT is either a kind of sickness or an error of creation. Humorously, there are some ironical cases when a person, who lacks a quality, judges a person who also lacks that quality. I’ve seen a big-headed person judges another big-headed one. One said, “you don’t know that until it happens to you”. Hence, the joy of judgment is that how much we realize we’re better than others and that we have something to be proud of ourselves. Plus, Sigmund Freud also said humiliation was a way to release our anger. Therefore, he concluded human beings as “homo homini lupus” (a man is a wolf to a man). A person judges a bad girl by comparing the nights she spends with her boyfriend with the nights she stays at the apartment with her housemates. Since then, he can see himself as a good model and a wise man. However, when he gets a girlfriend for whom he can’t stop falling, he is later sympathetic to the girl. But still, he tries to find many reasons for not blaming himself. Or another case is even worse: a guy makes fun of the victims of sexual abuse. Since when seeking for others’ lack become such a fascinating hobby of the human race? 

We can’t stop ourselves from judging, can we? However, we can choose where is the yellow line to stop and not to turn ourselves into the slaves of judging.

Eurus Thach

Fight When The Battle Is Still Dangerous

We only fight when the battle is still dangerous. We only head in the gamble which still hazards. Only the warriors who fight in the first place have the right to criticize the battle at the very last moments. Who never be a critic in others’ glorious time, when failure comes to them, shall stay ignorant. Hence, one of Victor Hugo’s greatest work - The Les Miserable has given us a valuable lesson of being a smart critic.  

I happened to know the case of B and C, which inspired me to write this post. B and C have been best friends for years. They also work at the same company. Everyone includes B believes C is a great leader. B is a homie to C and B knows C really well. However, there is no “vice versa". B keeps a secret - a big debt from gambling. When the rush of the renter come, B, who is an account, starts stealing the monthly income of the company. To the point that the company seriously lacks investment money, B is caught. It is C who found out and asks B to leave the company. C keeps things silent except with the chairman. Punishment is set, B is leaving the company in a week with a new debt. The glorious time of judgment and blaming is when there is no explanation. C got rumours behind his back. “He cheated us,” one says. “I saw him once doing some suspicious things” another adds. B is now terrified. What can a person do when he is afraid? He’ll do anything to gain back his confidence. When being asked about C, B starts criticizing C and analysing every mistake he makes. At that moment, in the employees’ thinking, C no longer deserves the support and the compliments he has received. They refuse all the good sides C got and successfully gains his confidence back. The attraction of criticism is so powerful that B gets carried away. Get moving as a reason, the day B walks out of the company, he still keeps his head up. In the end, C has to do what he has to do. He keeps staying silent and bringing the company back in line. 

The reason the employees criticized B is they were disappointed by C. In other words, C was out of their expectation. Their knowledge, at that moment, was accessed. The new data challenges one’s belief, which directly approaches their emotions. In this story, the majority chose frustration. They started to fight against the bleeding king. Hence, the end of admiration happened in a blink. On the other hand, the king, whose pride was then damaged, was not brave enough to call for help. Your achievements and the end of them always attract the curiosity of the society. 

A battle against a powerful individual is always a greater story than a battle against a losing one.

Eurus Thach 

Life Is Beautiful Though Sometimes Its Beauty Is A Little Bit Hard To Savour

Human beings have been chasing after the self-satisfaction and good feelings for thousands of decades. It is a natural instinct and it is an undeniable right in the state of nature. Because of this, it turns out difficult for us to face the consequences when things go wrong. Imagine when you got cheated. Imagine when you grow up in a home full of violence. Imagine when the ones you love the most suddenly pass away. There are some of us who are disappointed, some might be depressed, the others might think about suicide and many people might choose to do so.

When things go down to the hole, we might wonder why that the negativities, the pains, the tragedies hit us all at once. Is that our faults or it is meant to be? We are not born to expect the sorrow to come. We are not taught what to do when we’re broken. We choose joy and I strongly believe everyone deserves it.

We, humans, have a remarkable ability to build up hope. Let’s take an example when we are looking at the ones we love lying on the bed of the hospital and hear that they are untreatable, what we will do? After hours and hours drowning ourselves in tears and regret, we build up our hope. Victor Hugo once said, “hope is the word which God has written on the brow of every man”. In the darkest night, we’ll hold on to anything even a spot of light. However, when the ones we love can’t make it, it’s impossible for us to accept the truth. Are we avoiding to believe what is happening around us?

Please open your hands. Please do the hand gesture like you are reaching something. We’ll see our fingers open, keep space from each other, won’t we? Our hands will be in the direction of the object, won’t they? The highest possibility here is our middle fingers will touch the object first. Well, we are all so familiar to the middle finger’ s meaning. Hence, whenever we touch or reach something, the disadvantages, the unexpected negativities are already there, in front of us. However, we choose to ignore them all.

How many people think of the possibilities of the negativities? How many people prepare for them? How many people are ready to face them?

Some people may feel pessimistic thinking about them but I’d rather say how thoughtful and brave of them to do so.

Thinking about the lost, we will appreciate the time we got with the ones we love. Thinking about the pain, we will pick up lessons.

Even life is full of obstacles, it is still full of light.

We can choose to spend our best effort to forget about something or we can choose to remember it, learn from it to turn the pain into something precious.

Hence, life is beautiful though sometimes its beauty is a little bit hard to savour.

Eurus Thach.

When You Knock Your Ex-crush' s Door Twice

(A picture of Brennan Ehrhardt
https://unsplash.com/search/photos/red-door?utm_source=unsplash&utm_medium=referral&utm_content=creditCopyText)

I have knocked my ex-crush’ s door twice. Hence, twice, but not in a then-run-away way. I and my ex-crush had known each other before. We had chatted for a week before he told me that he missed me and started sending me heart emojis. Then things suddenly became silent that I was so shocked and I questioned myself where I had done wrong. It was in the winter that the first time occurred, the snow was falling when my sister was driving me to the destination. “I need to go”, I told her so. I was more than excited and a bit thrilled. I had seen him at school in an extremely stressful mood and I told myself “you must do something, he is not ok at all”. I had tried to reach him several times before all the effort went down to the hole. “I can try saying some positive things or at least I can tell him that I like him”. Sitting on the car, the strong feelings about him kept making my heart heavier. It’s the longest 10-minute distance I had ever known. I knocked, the door opened. Tiny snowflakes were dancing around me when the one appeared at the door froze me a bit. It was his mom. “Life is not as beautiful as a fairy tale”, I assumed, “well, it can’t end this way”. With a huge surprising expression that still remained on her face after our greeting, I softly asked if she could tell him that I came. I went back to the car with a huge happy-ending hope. However, there was nothing in response. “What a poor guy”, then I comforted myself, “his phone must be stolen”.

If there is a “first time”, the “second time” will always go after. In another snowing day, after I helped my brother with his heavy delivery job, I went exhausted. I then still decide to challenge my fate again. Again, I met his mother and the response never came.

My sister told me that I lost the self-respect of a girl and that she never wanted to be like me.

Awww, how can I say? Her bowling ball had perfectly stricken all the pin laying in my heart.

People who knew my story told me that I was so out of my mind and that girls never did do such things. I had being drown in their words for weeks until I realized something. Hence, “no one does such things. Especially a girl”. However, I did, which meant that bravery was greater than others. Imagine if I was in an interview in which the interviewer gently asked me “how risky can you be?”, I would confidently tell them “I’m willing to take the consequence or at least I can have a positive look at everything I do”. 

I then met a guy whom I am dating now. It’s more than a blessing to me that we can be together. “There will always be a better one”, he told me, “even when you suppose that the previous person is the best”. Hence, I so appreciate that he is mine and vice versa.

I met my ex-crush again on a day that Sakura was celebrating the air of the spring and asked him how he was doing.

Perhaps there are always people in our lives who are meant to be the passengers.

Eurus Thach.
     

The Pursuit of Happiness

The Pursuit of Happiness

Where does the satisfaction of a sociopath come from? Sociopaths, whose conscience deeply falls asleep, have enjoyment in winning. It might be seen as a competitive character. To all of us,  “the opinions of other people keep us all in line, arguably better than anything else” (Stout 23). To sociopaths, happiness is the core of life.

Paul Bloom had made an interesting point in his book, “pleasure is deep. What matters most is not the world as it appears to our senses. Rather, the enjoyment we get from something derives from what we think that thing is” (xii). In other words, when an individual has a hypothesis about the world that later he receives a confirmation that it is right, he gets pleasure. This can be seen in the character of Martha Stout’s The Sociopath Next Door, Supper Skip. He appeared to be an extraordinary child with a brilliant mind. Since he was aware of his gift, he has become remarkably arrogant. When he was in school, making teachers feel foolish was one of his favorites. Regarding Bloom’s statement of pleasure, we know Skip is finding pleasure in confirming that he is smarter than everyone else. Generally, any person with the same level of Skip’s intelligence would have the same tendency to act like him. However, Skip is not just any person, he has taken it to the next level. His need for pleasure is never fulfilled. It keeps building up to the point that it only makes sense to him. For example, Skip hates frogs, and to him, they are ugly creatures. At first, he cut them up with scissors. Getting tired of cutting, he stole his parents’ cash to buy a pack of fireworks in order to blow them up. In his view, the suffering on their faces was exactly what he had assumed as “fuck-face”. Due to his high intelligent, “the plan worked like a charm” (Stout 38). It is said that “when sociopathy and bloodlust come together in the same person, the result is a dramatic-even a cinematic-nightmare, a horror figure who seem larger than life” (Stout 48). Hence, since early ages, Skip has been sociopathic who doesn’t even try to fight against his bloodlust.

(https://es.vexels.com/png-svg/vista-previa/139937/los-nios-que-juegan-con-el-juguete)

Did Skip know that his endeavor was morally wrong? According to Martha Stout, sociopaths are lack of conscience and remorse. So the replaced question needs answering would be whether the sociopaths know that they are lack of conscience. Case one, they don’t. In their thinking, this world is dull, what they do is simply to make it more colorful. What can be more pleasurable than satisfying both of your belief and curiosity at the same time? Especially, exploiting frogs in Skip’s world could be logically seen as an innocent joy because of the failure of understanding kindness rather than an immoral thinking.

Vice versa, case two, they do. Martha Stout defined “bad behavior is the result of faulty thinking, rather than a lack of synderesis, or conscience” (29). In order to exemplify bad behavior, Stout had created Dr. Doreen Littlefield. She is a typical competitive sort of person. Everything she does is just to make she appear to be better than others. She likes to park next to an old car so that her car would be more noticeable. She likes to walk her froufrou dog in order to have her appearance became more elegant. It’s quite ordinary until we find out that her dog is just simply kept as an accessory. In other words, her “stupid” dog’s life does not matter to her at all. Another story, when Doreen realized her co-worker, Dr. Jackie Rubenstein, was about to get the award of the best “mentor”,  her jealousy got worse. The competitive Doreen convinced Jackie’s patient, who was ready to get hospital release, that his mental illness was getting more serious. As a doctor, she was completely aware of what she was doing was morally wrong. Therefore, her action reached all of the conditions to be considered, according to Stout’s statement, as “the result of faulty thinking”. So why did Doreen still decide to do so even though she knew it was not right and strongly against the Hippocratic Oath? It could be because of the jealousy. As Stout wrote in her book, Doreen felt that life “has not given her nearly the same bounty as other people, and so she must even the existential score by robbing people, by secretly causing destruction in others lives” (76). Doreen believes that it is meant to be her destiny, and “diminishing other people is her only means of being powerful” (76).   

(https://orig00.deviantart.net/4956/f/2015/145/d/7/mask_of_sanity_by_mew_painappuru-d38xi1c.jpg)

From this angle, Doreen could be seen as a Lucifer. Simon Baron-Cohen, the author of The Science of Evil, explained: “people can be cruel to each other not out of evil but because of empathy erosion” (8). With the lack of empathy and the depth of self-satisfaction which is hard to resist, sociopaths have more possibilities to become demons. Simon Baron-Cohen also pointed out “ when people are solely focused on the pursuit of their own interests, they have all the potential to be empathic. At best in this state, they are in a world of their own and their behavior will have a little negative impact on others” (8). When negativities come to life, in order to release anger and frustration, people borrow random models to humiliate them, laugh at them just to feel better, which is familiar to the need of self-satisfaction. “Homo Homini Lupus” (a man is a wolf to a man). Since we have negative judgments about others like the sociopaths always do, why there is such a big distance between us and the sociopaths? The remarkable theory of Freud about Superego might be a great answer. The Superego, according to Freud, is the rules of decision, which is ordinarily seen as morality. Normally, we can’t stop our bad feelings about others but we rarely use them or try our best to rob them. We are scared, in my theory, that our bad behaviors can destroy the people who we think we are. In other words, the ordinary build-up moral archetypes not only for the public display but also for themselves. Our good behaviors and traits make us proud. Vice versa, sociopaths’ good behaviors, and traits give them vanity. Generally, they only have good feelings when they receive praises. With a strong passion for being praised and poorly developed Superego, they are willing to act regardless of the moral standards.

Since “civilization requires such sacrifices, not only of sexuality but also of the aggressive tendencies in mankind”, which is claimed in Civilization and Its Discontents, “prospects of enjoying happiness for any length of time were very slight” (Freud). Theoretically, what sociopaths do is just to last their enjoyments longer, which I would love to call "Living Selfishly".

In conclusion, sociopaths are just rule-breakers whose happiness is a threat to others. Because of their boredom and lack of sympathy for others’ feelings, sociopaths can do anything that makes their world more interesting. It is their needs. They have the high satisfaction of what they do without feeling any remorse afterward. This reveals their primitive pursuit of happiness which has a strong connection with selfishness and unevolved civilization. If happiness is an innocent need, then how can you persuade a serial killer, who is usually sociopathic, that killing is wrong?  

Eurus Thach
With the precious support of Louise Nguyen

( I’m in the middle of my research The Box Theory which consists of four main types of living: The Religious, The Non-Religious, The Self-Religious and The Socially Religious.

This is a part of my research, which is consisted of Chapter 3: The Self-Religious.

The Self-Religious circles the individuals who lead their lives by their rules without the consideration of social standards about morality, common good or civilization.) 

REFERENCES

Baron-Cohen, Simon. Science of evil: on empathy and the origins of cruelty. Basic Books, A Member of the Perseus Books Group, 2012.

Bloom, Paul. How Pleasure Works: the New Science of Why We like What We Like. W.W. Norton, 2011.

Freud, Sigmund. “Civilization and Its Discontents (1930). Editor's Introduction. (1961).”PsycEXTRA Dataset, doi:10.1037/e417472005-547.

Stout, Martha. The Sociopath next Door: the Ruthless versus the Rest of Us. Broadway Books, 2006.